So, for those who are following Valeant, here are some more thoughts.
When Valeant missed the grace period for filing audited financial statements, as anticipated here, things got calamitous fairly quickly (down 50%+ on that day, from already-multi-year low, another 10%+ today). Valeant has now surpassed Enron in shareholder losses.
The official reason, as filed with the SEC, for missing the deadline (and for not having a target date) is that the "Ad Hoc Committee" has not finished it's investigation. The Ad Hoc Committee, as those who follow this story recall, was created to investigate the accounting issues associated with Philidor when that debacle exploded (October-November 2015). The committee is composed of and reports to the Board of Directors.
I am going to call "Bull" on this excuse.
The AHC was not appointed by, required by, or reports to the external auditors (PWC). While everything and anything they find (or fail to find) needs to be brought to the attention of the auditors, the audited report is never contingent on their findings. The auditors are perfectly capable -- in fact, are absolutely required -- to do all the investigations themselves. That's why we have independent auditors to begin with. Additionally, whatever charter the AHC was given; endangering the company's continued existence through lack of timeliness surely wasn't part of it. Even if it didn't have a pre-grace-period-expiration deadline to begin with, such would surely have been added by the Board afterward. If AHC slowness was really the issue here, and their report was really the missing piece for the audited financials, the Board would have immediately issued an order for the AHC to finish immediately and report whatever they got so far. It's not pretty ordering a quasi-independent internal investigation to finish before they say they are finished; but the mortal danger to the company's existence trumps prettiness.
So, what's really the holdup? It's not that they haven't finished collecting the data or doing the math -- they just released their (unaudited) Q4 numbers. The annual report is just the sum of the 4 quarterly reports (ok, with some adjustments of various kind, but nothing that good accounting software can't do in seconds). (There is also a bit of restatement, but that's already computed and disclosed). It's not that PWC hasn't finished their audit. Major auditing firms (such as PWC) are very good with finishing on time, particularly when they have been auditing the same client for a long time. They are never going to let a client miss a deadline, let alone a grace period, on their account (even if they need to pay everyone double-overtime). It's not even a disagreement over accounting fine points or rules interpretations -- the just released Q4 numbers, undoubtable, were compiled under interpretations that PWC is cool with (otherwise they'd have to disclose).
The reason for the holdup better be good. They are already in technical default with the SEC and stock exchanges (meaning they are subject to delisting), they will enter technical default with their borrowers in about a month. At that point, if 25% of the owners of any of the many bonds they issued demands it, the company has to immediately pay off the entire amount. If they pay off even one such bondholder, then all their bonds immediately become due and payable. Whatever you think about their future prospects, one thing is for sure, they don't have the cash to immediately pay off all their bonds (about $31-34B, depending how one counts it). Valeant, undoubtedly, is already furiously negotiating with creditors, but, in my opinion, that's a hopeless endeavor. Some of their debt is now selling for $0.70 on the dollar. All it takes is one spoiler (and some hedge funds specialize in this) to buy up 25% of one bond issue at $0.70 on the dollar and then demand to be paid the full $1.00 (making a 40%+ return on investment) to render all such negotiations moot.
So, what (in my opinion) is the real reason for the holdup?
Two words: Going Concern
To those familiar with accounting speak, those are perhaps the two most explosive words in the lingo (did I just say accounting and explosive in the same sentence?). To quote some of my favorite movies, it's "Tora Tora Tora," "Houston, we have a problem," and "Game over, man" combined (can you name all 3 movies?).
After such a colorful introduction, where do you find these words and what do they mean? They appear in the auditors report and they mean that the auditors are uncertain that the company is capable of meeting its obligations and continue to operate.
Perhaps a few words about auditor reports are now merited: Auditors, after spending thousands of man-hours conducting an audit, issue remarkably short reports. A standard (unqualified) Audit report only has 3 sentences, and the first two say nothing meaningful (just that we did an audit); the third sentence provides the result of the audit, and it, too, doesn't say anything meaningful (just that the audit was successful). Every CPA candidate memorizes the exact wordings of the third sentence: It says "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America." That's it. It doesn't say if the company is doing well or badly, if management is good or bad, if the future prospects are bright or dark. None of that. All the auditors are saying is that the retrospective numbers management presented in the financial statements are legit. Whether those numbers are good or bad, and what they imply regarding the future of the company, that's for the investors to decide.
Whereas the audit process is entirely retrospective -- it only looks at what has already transpired, never try to divine what will be -- there is one super-important exception to this guideline: The auditors must examine the company's ability to continue as a "going concern" into the intermediate future (often, but not exclusively, defined as 12 months). If not, they need to add the dreaded "going concern" fourth sentence "The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern." followed by a brief explanation of why it might not be and what might happen then.
Just about every bond covenant has a clause that instantly puts the company into default whenever there is a Going Concern.
So, if the PWC report is indeed complete, and it has a Going Concern Disclosure, that would be a good enough reason to not to release it even after the grace period expired. What's the worst that can happen (from Valeant's perspective) by not releasing it? -- going into bond default a month from now (and only after someone got 25% of the bonds of any one issue to ask for it). If they do release it? Instant default, today.
Before we get too carried away with this speculation, though, let's take a step back. The 201Q4 numbers were bad, and the 2016 guidance is even worst, but Going Concern Disclosure? Isn't that taking things a bit far? Given that issuing a Going Concern Disclosure can easily become a self-fulfilling prophecy, wouldn't PWC think twice before signing the death warrant of a big client? (Although given what happened to AA after Enron, signing a death warrant might be safer for PWC than letting Valeant out on parole).
Here is where I go back to my comments about Valeant at the height of the Allergan takeover battle: I said that without (ever larger) acquisitions, the facts that they destroy value would come to the surface. They bought all their assets with debt, outbidding everyone else and using more expensive cash (meaning higher interest rates) than everyone else (even in their best days, their bonds were junk, whereas the rest of big Pharma, including Allergan and Pfizer, were A+). They were able to do this because they maintained a mystique that they can extract value better than anyone else. Now that the mystique is debunked, and it is clear that rather than shepherd the assets they bought, they destroyed value; those assets are likely worth less than what was borrowed to buy them. Said another way, they can't generate enough profits from what's left of those assets, nor sell them, to fully cover the incurred debt. If, as I'm speculating, PWC did this math and reached this conclusion, then we are in Going Concern territory.
[to continue shortly]